Do know that numbers categories are very important in all types of sciences, hence in our life. We give a simple introduction to these kinds of numbers.

### Natural numbers

As indicated in the subtitle, natural numbers are daily used by everyone such as counting money. They are of the form, $1,2,3,4,cdots,10000,cdots$. Usually, this is the first course taught in school. But an important number is missing here. In fact, it is the number zero denoted by $0$; yes it is a very important number even if it means “nothing”. Depending on math histories, some say that it is created by Indians, others say by Arabic. Anyway, for us, this is a crucial number that plays a key role in mathematics in general.

Adding zero to the above set of the natural number given the following

begin{align*}mathbb{N}:=left{0,1,2,3,cdots,1000,cdotsright}end{align*}.

This new set of numbers is called the whole system. Back to the number zero, it represents in some sense an equilibrium. This is clear, especially when we solve equations, for example, $2x-4=0$.

Natural numbers represent a positive balance in your bank account. However, for some persons there negative balance, for example, -100. Hence we have seen that we also use the opposite of natural numbers. In the following paragraph, we introduce these kinds of numbers. ### Relative numbers As we mentioned above, we use also the opposite of natural numbers. To give a mathematical name to these numbers category, let us first adopt that natural numbers are positive numbers. So the opposite of natural numbers will be normally called negative numbers. These are -1,-2,-3,cdots. What about the number 0? Is it positive or negative? it is neither positive nor negative. In fact, it is the bridge to cross the boundary between positive and negative numbers. This explains why 0 is an equilibrium point. Now, let’s gather the positive number along with negative numbers in one set called the set of relative numbers. We denote this latter by begin{align*}mathbb{Z}:= left{cdots,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,cdotsright}.end{align*} ## Rational numbers Sometimes, when chicking the bank account we find for example a number of the form 675.56 or- 675.56 . These do not belong to the numbers categories cited above. Thus, the relative number set is not sufficient to describe some of our daily needs. Mathematicians are forced to enlarge the set of relative numbers to solve other problems of life. For example, if one wants to solve the equation $4x-2=0$, then the solution is not in $mathbb{Z}$. But if we define numbers of the form $frac{1}{2}$, then it is clear that the aforementioned equation admits the solution $x=frac{1}{2}.$

We then introduce the following type of numbers

begin{align*} mathbb{Q}:=left{ frac{a}{b}:a,binmathbb{Z},;bneq 0right}.end{align*}

These numbers are called rational numbers. This set is largely bigger than the relative numbers set. So any relative number can be also viewed as a rational number. Mathematically speaking, we write

begin{align*} mathbb{N}subset mathbb{Z}subset mathbb{Q}.end{align*}

### Real numbers

Imagine that you want to measure the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the two legs measuring both $1 cm$. Using the well-known Pythagorean theorem, the square of the measure $ell$ of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum $1^2+1^2=2$. Hence $ell^2=2$. This equation does not have any solution in the rational numbers set $mathbb{Q}$.

This shows that the rational number set is not enough to describe some real phenomena in our life. We still need new numbers categories to cover all the solutions for real problems.

For instance, let us know another important set bigger than the set of rational numbers. It is the set of real numbers that we define as follows: we say that $x$ is a real number if only if it is closed to an infinite number of rational numbers. Mathematically speaking, this means that $x$ is a limit of a certain rational number sequence $(r_n)_{ninmathbb{N}}$. From here if we take $rin Q$ and define $r_n=r$ for all $ninmathbb{N}$, it follows that $r$ is limit of $(r_n)_n$. This implies that $r$ is a real number, and then the real numbers set is bigger than the rational numbers set. We denote the set of real numbers by the symbol $mathbb{R}$. So that

begin{align*} mathbb{N}subset mathbb{Z}subsetmathbb{Q}subsetmathbb{R}.end{align*}

### Numbers categories include special numbers

In mathematics literatures, we find several particular numbers used in other sciences like physics. In fact, the number $pi$ called Archimedes’ constant and equal to $pi= 3.14159cdots$. This number is largely used in physics. Another number is the golden ratio.

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